Biopsy marker

ABSTRACT

A biopsy marker may include three shaped portions arranged sequentially along an axis, each shaped portion having a first surface and a second surface parallel to the first surface. A first narrow portion connects a first of the three shaped portions to a second of the three shaped portions. A second narrow portion connects the second of the three shaped portions to a third of the three shaped portions. The first narrow portion is twisted about the axis such that the first surface of the first shaped portion is at a first angle to the first surface of the second shaped portion. The second narrow portion is twisted about the axis such that the first surface of the second shaped portion is at a second angle to the first surface of the third shaped portion.

PRIORITY

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/478,929titled “BIOPSY MARKER” filed Apr. 4, 2017, which is continuation ofInternational Application Number PCT/US2015/054679 filed Oct. 8, 2015,which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/061,586titled “BIOPSY MARKER” filed Oct. 8, 2014, all of which are assigned tothe assignee of the current application and hereby incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to biopsy markers for marking the site of abiopsy. In particular, the disclosure relates to biopsy markers for usein breast biopsy.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects inorder to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary isnot an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intendedto neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nordelineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is topresent some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as aprelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

The disclosure provides a biopsy marker. The biopsy marker may includethree shaped portions arranged sequentially along an axis, each shapedportion having a first surface and a second surface parallel to thefirst surface. A first narrow portion may connect a first of the threeshaped portions to a second of the three shaped portions. A secondnarrow portion may connect the second of the three shaped portions to athird of the three shaped portions. The first narrow portion is twistedabout the axis such that the first surface of the first shaped portionis at a first angle to the first surface of the second shaped portion.The second narrow portion is twisted about the axis such that the firstsurface of the second shaped portion is at a second angle to the firstsurface of the third shaped portion.

The one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fullydescribed and particularly pointed out in the claims. The followingdescription and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certainillustrative features of the one or more aspects.

These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various waysin which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and thisdescription is intended to include all such aspects and theirequivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction withthe appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit thedisclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements, andin which:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a flat biopsy marker.

FIG. 2A is a plan view of a twisted biopsy marker.

FIG. 2B is an end view of the twisted biopsy marker of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 is a plan view of another flat biopsy marker.

FIG. 4A is a plan view of a twisted biopsy marker.

FIG. 4B is an end view of the twisted biopsy marker of FIG. 4A.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a representation of the twisted biopsy markerof FIG. 2A under magnetic resonance imaging.

FIGS. 6-18 illustrate various shapes of biopsy markers.

FIG. 19 illustrates a biopsy marker within a capsule.

FIGS. 20-22 illustrate a marker and pre-bent push-rod for deploying amarker.

FIG. 23-26 illustrate another marker attached to a pre-bent wiredeployer.

FIGS. 27-30 illustrate an elongated bioabsorbable marker.

FIGS. 31-32 illustrate a ball shaped marker with tassles.

FIG. 33 illustrates a whisk shaped marker.

FIG. 34 illustrates a shape for a bioabsorbable material surrounding amarker.

FIGS. 35-37 illustrate a mesh marker.

FIGS. 38 and 39 illustrate a helical marker.

FIGS. 40 and 41 illustrate a coil marker.

FIG. 42 illustrates a plastic marker with bubbles.

FIG. 43 illustrates a spherical spring marker.

FIGS. 44 and 45 illustrate a crimped marker deployer.

FIGS. 46A and 46B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion.

FIGS. 47A and 47B illustrate a twisted marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion

FIGS. 48A and 48B illustrate a flat marker having through holes.

FIGS. 49A and 49B illustrate a flat marker having three through holes.

FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate a twisted marker without a narrow portion.

FIGS. 51A and 51B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion.

FIGS. 52A and 52B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion.

FIGS. 53A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threerectangular shaped portions and two narrow portions.

FIGS. 54A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threerectangular shaped portions and two narrow portions.

FIGS. 55A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having twodifferently shaped portions and an elongated narrow portion.

FIGS. 56A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker without throughholes.

FIGS. 57A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threeshaped portions and two twisted portions.

FIGS. 58A-C illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threeshaped portions and two twisted portions.

FIGS. 59A-D illustrate various views of another marker.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects are now described with reference to the drawings. In thefollowing description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specificdetails are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding ofone or more aspects. It may be evident, however, that such aspects maybe practiced without these specific details.

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a flat biopsy marker 10. The flat biopsy marker10 may include three shaped portions 12 a, 12 b, 12 c. As illustrated,the shaped portions 12 a, 12 b, 12 c are generally circular shaped.However, it should be appreciated that the shaped portions 12 a, 12 b,12 c may be triangular, rectangular, ellipsoidal, or any other polygonalor curved shapes. In an aspect, the shaped portions 12 a, 12 b, 12 c,may have rounded corners. The shaped portions 12 a and 12 b may beconnected by a narrow portion 14 a, and the shaped portions 12 b and 12c may be connected by a narrow portion 14 b. The shaped portions 12 a,12 b, 12 c, may be relatively large compared to the narrow portions 14a, 14 b. In an aspect, each shaped portion 12 a, 12 b, 12 c may includea respective through hole 16 a, 16 b, 16 c. As illustrated, the throughholes 16 a, 16 b, 16 c may be generally circular. However, it should beappreciated that the through holes 16 a, 16 b, 16 c may be triangular,rectangular, ellipsoidal, or any other polygonal or curved shapes.Further, some shaped portions may not have a through hole. For example,the marker 10 may include 1, 2, or 3 shaped portions 12 a, 12 b, 12 cincluding a through hole 16. In an aspect, the length of the flat biopsymarker 10 may be approximately 2.5 mm. The width at a shaped portion 10may be approximately 0.76 mm. The blank 10 may be approximately 0.1 mmthick.

In an aspect, the flat biopsy marker 10 may be made from a stainlesssteel, titanium, or other metallic sheet using a stamping process. A diemay be used to cut one or more flat biopsy markers 10 from the sheet.The flat biopsy marker 10 may serve as a blank for a twisted biopsymarker.

FIG. 2A is a plan view of a twisted biopsy marker 20. The twisted biopsymarker 20 may be formed from the flat biopsy marker 10 by twisting theflat biopsy marker 10 at the narrow portions 14 a and 14 b about an axis26. Accordingly, the twisted biopsy marker 20 may include three shapedportions 22 a, 22 b, 22 c corresponding to the shaped portions 12 a, 12b, 12 c. In an aspect, as illustrated in FIG. 2B, the narrow portion 24a may be twisted about the axis 26 such that a first angle between asurface of the shaped portion 22 a and a surface of the shaped portion22 b may be approximately 45 degrees. As used herein, the term“approximately,” when applied to an angle, may allow a range of plus orminus 5 degrees, for example, to account for manufacturing tolerances.The narrow portion may also be twisted to other angles between 0 degreesand 180 degrees. For example, the narrow portion may be twisted to 15degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90degrees, etc. In an aspect, the narrow portion 24 b may be twisted suchthat a second angle between the shaped portion 22 b and the shapedportion 22 c may be approximately 45 degrees, or another angle thatdifferentiates the surface of the shaped portion 22 c from the shapedportions 22 a and 22 b. The second angle may be different than the firstangle. In an aspect, the total angle between the shaped portion 22 a andthe shaped portion 22 c may be approximately 90 degrees. Other anglesmay also be selected, for example, based on imaging techniques to beused to view the marker 20.

FIG. 3 a plan view of another flat biopsy marker 30. The flat biopsymarker 30 may include three shaped portions 32 a, 32 b, 32 c. Asillustrated, the central shaped portion 32 b is generally circularshaped. However, it should be appreciated that the shaped portions 32 bmay be triangular, rectangular, ellipsoidal, or any other polygonal orcurved shapes. The central shaped portion 32 b may include a throughhole 36. As illustrated, the through hole 36 may be generally circular.However, it should be appreciated that the through hole 36 may betriangular, rectangular, ellipsoidal, or any other polygonal or curvedshapes. In an aspect, the central shaped portion 32 b may not include athrough hole, or may include more than one through hole. The end shapedportions 32 a and 32 c may be an open shape. As illustrated, the endshaped portions 32 a and 32 c may each be an open semi-circle. The endshaped portions 32 a and 32 c may each include a respective cut-out 38a, 38 b facing the end of the marker blank 30. The shaped portions 32 aand 32 b may be connected by a narrow portion 34 a, and the shapedportions 32 b and 32 c may be connected by a narrow portion 34 b.

FIG. 4A is a plan view of a twisted biopsy marker. The twisted biopsymarker 40 may be formed from the flat biopsy marker 30 by twisting theflat biopsy marker 30 at the narrow portions 34 a and 34 b. Accordingly,the twisted biopsy marker 40 may include three shaped portions 42 a, 42b, 42 c corresponding to the shaped portions 32 a, 32 b, 32 c. In anaspect, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, the narrow portion 44 a may betwisted such that a first angle between the shaped portion 42 a and theshaped portion 42 b may be approximately 45 degrees. The narrow portion34 a may be twisted to other angles between 0 degrees and 180 degrees.For example, the narrow portion may be twisted to 15 degrees, 30degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90 degrees,etc. In an aspect, the narrow portion 44 b may be twisted such that asecond angle between the shaped portion 42 b and the shaped portion 42 cmay be approximately 45 degrees, or another angle that differentiatesthe surface of the shaped portion 42 c from the shaped portions 42 a and42 b. The total angle between the shaped portion 42 a and the shapedportion 42 c may be approximately 90 degrees. Other angles may also beselected, for example, based on imaging techniques to be used to viewthe marker. The cut-outs 48 a, 48 b may expose a concave surface whenthe marker 40 is viewed from an end.

In an aspect, the biopsy marker 20 or biopsy marker 40 may beencapsulated in a bioabsorbable material such a collagen, gelatin, etc.The bioabsorbable material may be compressed. In an aspect, the forceused to compress the bioabsorbable material may also exert force on theembedded biopsy marker. In an aspect, the size, shape, and thickness ofthe biopsy marker 20 or biopsy marker 40 may be selected to withstandforces applied during compression without significant deformation orbreakage.

In an aspect, the biopsy marker 20 or biopsy marker 40 may be implantedinto soft human or animal tissue during a biopsy procedure. For example,the biopsy marker 20, 40 may be inserted into human breast tissue duringa breast biopsy to mark the site of the biopsy. If the biopsy marker 20,40 is embedded within a bioabsorbable material, the bioabsorbablematerial may help position the biopsy marker 20, 40 within the center ofa biopsy cavity. The biopsy marker 20 may rotate within the animaltissue after insertion. Further, when the tissue is being imaged, thetissue may be compressed causing further rotation. The orientation ofthe biopsy marker may be unknown prior to imaging. The biopsy marker 20or biopsy marker 40 may be imaged using various imaging techniquesincluding x-ray (stereo), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), among other imaging techniques.

Under x-ray, two or more angles may be used to provide a compositestereo image. For example, breast tissue may generally be imaged from acranial-to-caudal approach, a medial-to-lateral approach, and from a 45degree angle between the two previous approaches. The twists of thebiopsy markers 20, 40 may help increase visibility of the markers 20, 40from each imaging approach, in addition to helping to identify themarkers 20, 40 as having a shape that is recognizable as artificial whencompared to the surrounding tissue. For example, if one of theapproaches aligns with the longitudinal axis 26 of the biopsy marker 20,40, the total surface area of the marker may be increased as a partialsurface of each of the shaped portions 22, 42 may be imaged. If theapproach is transverse to the longitudinal axis, the surface of at leastone of the shaped portions 22, 42 may be imaged.

Under ultrasound, the biopsy markers 20, 40 include various curved andconcave surfaces that may provide echogenic features. For example, thethrough holes 36, 46 may provide echogenic features oriented indifferent angles. Further, in the biopsy marker 40, the cut-outs 48 mayexpose a concave surface when the marker 40 is imaged in alignment withthe longitudinal axis.

Under MRI, images may be generated using slices in coronal, sagittal,and axial orientations. As discussed above regarding x-ray imaging, thetwists of the biopsy markers 20, 40 may provide at least one surfacethat is visible in each orientation, in addition to helping to identifythe markers 20, 40 as having a shape that is recognizable as artificialwhen compared to the surrounding tissue. Magnetic resonance has furthereffects based on the material of the marker 20, 40. Metallic materialsproduce an artifact, that is, an image outside of the physicalboundaries of the markers 20, 40. The artifact may also be referred toas a bloom. Generally, the artifact produced by a marker may be a darkspot in an MR image while a lesion or cyst may absorb a contrast agentand produce a relatively bright spot. The artifact produced by a markermay obscure the image of surrounding tissue, making it difficult todetermine whether the surrounding tissue includes a lesion or cyst. Somemodern MR machines may reduce artifact using advanced image processingtechniques. In some cases, such artifact reduction may make it difficultto locate a marker in an image.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a representation 50 of the twisted biopsymarker 20 under magnetic resonance imaging. Generally, the artifactproduced by a marker is roughly proportional to the mass of the marker.Titanium markers generally produce less artifact than stainless steelmarkers. For example, the line 52 may illustrate an artifact that may beproduced by a titanium marker while the line 54 may illustrate anartifact that may be produced by a stainless steel marker having thesame dimensions. Physicians may select a marker based on the MR machinemost likely to be used for future imaging of the marker. When imagedtransverse to the longitudinal axis, as in FIG. 5A, the twisted biopsymarker 20 may produce three distinct lobes. When imaged along thelongitudinal axis, as in FIG. 5B, the twisted biopsy marker 20 mayproduce a generally circular artifact, but two lobes may bedistinguishable. The through holes 16 of the marker 20 or the throughhole 46 and cutouts 48 of marker 40 may help reduce the artifactproduced by the markers 20, 40. For example, the through holes andcutouts may reduce the mass of each shaped portion in comparison to asimilar shaped portion without a through hole or cutout. In an aspect,an artifact may extend into the interior of a through hole or cutoutwhile extending less from the exterior edges of the marker 20, 40.

FIGS. 6-18 illustrate various additional shapes and features formarkers. These additional shapes or features may be combined with thetwisted markers 20, 40 to create markers having desirable imagingproperties. Further, markers of different shapes may be used insubsequent procedures to provide a unique marker for each biopsylocation.

FIG. 6 illustrates a star shaped marker.

FIG. 7 illustrates a star shaped marker having a through hole.

FIG. 8 illustrates jack shaped markers. A jack shaped marker may beimage- able from different approaches or orientations.

FIG. 9 illustrates a concave dish shaped marker. The concave surface ofthe marker may provide an echogenic surface under ultrasound imaging.

FIG. 10 illustrates a triangle shaped marker.

FIG. 11 illustrates a cone shaped marker. The cone may be bent to lessena triangular effect.

FIG. 12 illustrates a heart shaped marker.

FIG. 13 illustrates a marker having a distinct shape formed by throughholes. For example, the marker may appear as a smiling face. Differentshapes may be created by varying the size and shape of the throughholes.

FIG. 14 illustrates a marker shaped like a letter. For example, themarker may be shaped like a capital A. Markers in the shape of differentletters or having portions shaped like particular letters may helpidentify a specific marker.

FIG. 15 illustrates a marker shaped like a number. For example, themarker may be in the shape of the number 1. Markers in the shape ofdifferent numbers or having portions shaped like particular numbers mayhelp identify a specific marker.

FIG. 16 illustrates a marker shaped as a rectangle with a through slot.

FIG. 17 illustrates a marker shaped as a rectangle with a pattern ofthrough holes.

FIG. 18 illustrates markers shaped as a barbed arrow. The protrusions orbarbs of the marker may provide surfaces that may be imaged fromdifferent approaches or orientations.

FIG. 19 illustrates a marker contained in a capsule. The capsule may beformed of a bioabsorbable material such a gelatin that may be absorbedover time at the biopsy cavity. The capsule may include a marker such asthe markers 20, 40 discussed above embedded in a second bioabsorbablematerial. During manufacture, the capsule may have non-uniform featuresto prevent the two halves from separating. Further, the two capsulehalves may be wetted with alcohol or a bonding agent to securely adherethe two halves together.

FIG. 20 illustrates a marker and pre-bent push-rod for deploying amarker at a biopsy cavity. The marker may be encapsulated in abioabsorbable material formed at the end of the pre-bent push-rod. Asillustrated in FIG. 21, the marker and pre-bent push rod may be deployedthrough a biopsy needle. When in the longitudinal cannula of the biopsyneedle, the pre-bent push-rod may be straightened. As illustrated inFIG. 22, when the marker reaches the aperture of the biopsy needle, thepre-bent push rod may return to its bent shape and the bioabsorbablematerial holding the marker may protrude from the biopsy needle. Aphysician operating the biopsy needle may notice the pre-bent push rodreturning to the bent position. The longitudinal movement of thepre-bent push rod may also be prevented when the push-rod returns to thebent configuration. The cutter of the biopsy needle may be used to shearoff the tip of the bioabsorbable material including the marker.

FIG. 23 illustrates another marker attached to a pre-bent wire deployer.The pre- bent wire may be partially embedded in the bioabsorbablematerial encapsulating the marker. As illustrated in FIG. 24, the markerand pre-bent wire may be deployed through a biopsy needle. When in thelongitudinal cannula of the biopsy needle, the pre-bent wire may bestraightened. As illustrated in FIG. 25, when the marker reaches theaperture of the biopsy needle, the pre-bent wire may return to its bentshape and the bioabsorbable material holding the marker may protrudefrom the biopsy needle. A physician operating the biopsy needle maynotice the pre-bent wire returning to the bent configuration. Thelongitudinal movement of the pre-bent wire may also be prevented whenthe push-rod returns to the bent configuration. When the pre-bent wireis pulled proximally, the bioabsorbable material may catch on the edgeof the aperture of the biopsy needle or the cutter, or may otherwiseprevent the encapsulated marker from retracting with the wire, thusremoving the wire from the bioabsorbable material and leaving the markerat the biopsy cavity.

FIG. 27 illustrates an elongated marker formed of a bioabsorbablematerial such as collagen. One or more permanent metallic or ceramicmarkers may be embedded in the elongated marker. As illustrated in FIG.28, the elongated marker may be deployed using a marker deployer. Theelongated marker may be bent within the marker deployer. As illustratedin FIG. 29, the marker deployer may be deployed through the cannula of abiopsy needle having a lateral aperture. The elongated marker may bepushed to the distal end of the marker deployer with a push rod. Asillustrated in FIG. 30, when the elongated marker is pushed out of themarker deployer, it may straighten. The straightened elongated markermay be unlikely to reenter the aperture of the biopsy needle.

FIG. 31 illustrates a ball shaped marker with tassles. The ball may bemade from a bioabsorbable material such as collagen and may include apermanent marker embedded therein. The tassles may be made of a suturematerial. The ball shaped marker with tassles may be deployed through amarker deployer such that the tassles follow the ball. As illustrated inFIG. 32, once the ball shaped marker with tassles is pushed into thebiopsy cavity, the tassles may fan out and help reduce marker migration.

FIG. 33 illustrates a whisk shaped marker. The tines of the marker maybe held together during deployment. Once the marker is deployed, thetines may spread out. The tines may help reduce migration of the markerand may also increase an imageable area of the marker.

FIG. 34 illustrates a shape for a bioabsorbable material surrounding amarker. The bioabsorbable material may initially be shaped as a cylinderhaving one or more X shaped sections along the length. The bioabsorbablematerial may be compressed to fit within a marker deployer. Thebioabsorbable material may expand within the biopsy cavity. The X shapedsections may reduce migration and improve imageability. Compared to acylinder of bioabsorbable material having the same mass, thebioabsorbable material having X shaped sections may have a greaterinscribed volume.

FIG. 35 illustrates a mesh marker inside a deployer. The mesh marker maybe deployed using a balloon. As illustrated in FIG. 36, the mesh markermay be deployed past the end of a biopsy needle, and the balloon may beexpanded to expand the mesh marker. For example, the mesh marker may beexpanded to the size of the biopsy cavity. As illustrated in FIG. 37,the balloon may be deflated and retracted through the biopsy needle,leaving the marker behind.

FIG. 38 illustrates a helical marker. The helical marker may be deployedthrough the distal end of a biopsy needle. As illustrated in FIG. 39,the helical marker may be deployed by screwing the helical marker intotissue at the end of the biopsy needle. The marker deployer may bethreaded such that a push-rod rotates as it travels through thedeployer. The helical marker may be firmly fixed within the tissue withlittle likelihood of migration.

FIG. 40 illustrates a coil marker for deployment through a biopsy needlehaving a lateral aperture. The coil marker may be a loose spring formedof a material that does not permanently elastically deform whenstretched out. For example, the coil marker may be formed of titanium.The coil marker may be straightened for deployment through thelongitudinal cannula of a biopsy needle or marker deployer. When thecoil marker is deployed into the biopsy cavity, the coil marker mayreturn to the coiled spring configuration as illustrated in FIG. 41.

FIG. 42 illustrates a plastic marker with bubbles. The plastic markermay be molded around a metallic or ceramic marker. When the plasticmarker is being molded, air bubbles may be induced into the plastic.Bubbles may also be formed using spheres of glass as a filler. The airbubbles or glass spheres may create a density difference in the markerfor ultrasound imaging.

FIG. 43 illustrates a spherical spring marker. The spherical springmarker may be compressed flat and embedded within a bioabsorbablematerial. The spherical spring marker may be deployed using any of thedeployment devices and techniques described herein. The bioabsorbablematerial may be absorbed at the biopsy cavity and the spherical springmarker may return to a spherical shape.

FIG. 44 illustrates a crimped marker deployer. The crimped markerdeployer may include crimps, notches, or points of weakness thatpredetermine how the marker deployer will deform when compressedlongitudinally. For example, the crimped marker deployer may include anotch that holds the marker and two crimps proximal to the marker. Asillustrated in FIG. 45, when the crimped marker deployer is pushedagainst the distal end of the biopsy device, the crimped marker deployermay buckle at the notch and the crimps, causing the marker to extendlaterally out of a lateral aperture.

FIGS. 46A and 46B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion. Each shaped portion has a cutout on its exteriorside. In an aspect, the marker may be approximately 0.1 inches long,0.037 inches wide and 0.006 inches thick. The dimensions of the markermay vary based on a material of the marker. For example, the dimensionsfor a titanium marker may be scaled to be larger than a stainless steelmarker.

FIGS. 47A and 47B illustrate a twisted marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion. Each shaped portion has a D-like shape andincludes a through hole shaped like the letter D. In an aspect, themarker may be approximately 0.1 inches long, 0.037 inches wide and 0.007inches thick.

FIGS. 48A and 48B illustrate a flat marker having through holes. In anaspect, the marker may have an elongated oval shape. Each through holemay be shaped like a wide letter D. The marker may be approximately 0.1inches long, 0.037 inches wide and 0.007 inches thick.

FIGS. 49A and 49B illustrate a flat marker having three through holes.The marker may be an elongated oval shape approximately 0.16 incheslong, 0.37 inches wide and 0.007 inches thick. The through holes may bedifferent shapes such as trapezoids. Bridging portions may connect theelongated sides between through holes. The bridging portions may beslanted or straight.

FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate a twisted marker without a narrow portion.Instead, the twisted marker may be formed from an elongated oval shapedflat marker. When twisted, the elongated sides of the marker may bend.The marker may be approximately 0.12 inches long, 0.037 inches wide and0.007 inches thick.

FIGS. 51A and 51B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion. The shaped portions may be wider toward theoutside and narrow toward the middle. The shaped portions may includethrough holes of similar shape. In an aspect, the marker may beapproximately 0.1 inches long, 0.026 inches wide and 0.007 inches thick.

FIGS. 52A and 52B illustrate a flat marker having two shaped portionsand a narrow portion. Each shaped portion may be elongated and includemultiple through holes. In an aspect, the marker may be approximately0.13 inches long, 0.026 inches wide and 0.007 inches thick.

FIGS. 53A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker 500 havingthree shaped portions 502 a-c and two narrow portions 504 a and b. Thetwisted marker 500 may be similar to the twisted marker 20 (FIG. 2A).Each shaped portion 502 may be shaped as a rounded rectangle. Thethrough holes 504 may also be shaped as rounded rectangles. Asillustrated in FIG. 53E, the angle between each of the shaped portionsmay be approximately 45°. That is, the angle between a surface of shapedportion 502 a and a surface of shaped portion 502 b may be a 45° angle,and the angle between a surface of shaped portion 502 b and a surface ofshaped portion 502 c may be a 45° angle. In another aspect, the marker500 may be twisted such that the angle between each of the shapedportions 502 may be approximately 30°.

FIGS. 54A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker 510 havingthree shaped portions 512 and two narrow portions 514. The twistedmarker 510 may be similar to the twisted marker 20 (FIG. 2A). Eachshaped portion 512 may be shaped as a rounded rectangle. The throughholes 514 may be circles. As illustrated in FIG. 54E, the angle betweenthe surfaces of each of the shaped portions may be approximately 60degrees. That is, the angle between a surface of shaped portion 512 aand a surface of shaped portion 512 b may be a 60 degree angle, and theangle between a surface of shaped portion 512 b and a surface of shapedportion 512 c may be a 60° angle. For a marker having three shapedportions, an angle of 60 degrees may result in each of the flat surfacesbeing twisted to an equal angle from the other surface. That is, asurface of the shaped portion 512 a may also be at a 60 degree angle tothe surface of the shaped portion 512 c. Such an arrangement may presenta portion of a surface of a shaped portion from any angle transverse tothe axis.

FIGS. 55A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having twodifferently shaped portions and an elongated narrow portion. Forexample, a first shaped portion may be circular. The first shapedportion may include a through hole. The second shaped portion may becross or plus-sign shaped. The elongated narrow portion may be twisted.In an aspect, the elongated narrow portion may reduce the stress oftwisting and provide strength against breakage, for example, when abioabsorbable material surrounding the marker is compressed.

FIGS. 56A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker similar to themarker in FIGS. 55A-E, except the twisted marker does not include athrough hole.

FIGS. 57A-E illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threeshaped portions and two twisted portions. The shaped portions may havedifferent shapes. For example, as illustrated, the outer shaped portionsmay be shaped like a cross or plus- sign and the middle shaped portionmay be shaped like a heart. The heart shape may be modified to connectto the narrow portions. Each shaped portion may also include throughholes (not shown).

FIGS. 58A-C illustrate various views of a twisted marker having threeshaped portions and two twisted portions. The outer shaped portions maybe similar to those in

FIG. 57, that is, shaped like a cross or plus sign. The middle shapedportion may be rectangular. The narrow portions may each be twisted toapproximately 60 degrees.

FIGS. 59A-D illustrate various views of a marker. The marker may have ashaped portion, a twisted portion, and a rolled portion. The shapedportion may be any of the shapes discussed herein. As illustrated inFIG. 59A for example, the shaped portion may be rectangular. The shapedportion may include one or more through holes. The rolled portion may bebent or rolled in one or more dimensions. In an aspect, the rolledportion may be formed from a flat shaped portion that is then rolled orbent. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 59A-D, the rolled portion maybe formed from a rectangular flat shaped portion. In an aspect, a markerblank for the marker in FIGS. 59A-D may be initially T shaped, then thetop portion of the T may be rolled inward from each side. The rolledportion may also include one or more through holes. As illustrated, forexample, in FIG. 59B, a through hole on each side of the rolled portionmay align. The two sides of the rolled portion may meet, for example,along a center axis of the marker. The twisted portion may connect theshaped portion and the rolled portion. In an aspect, one or moresub-portions of the twisted portion may be twisted in differentdirections. For example, a sub-portion on one side of the twistedportion may be twisted in one direction and a sub-portion on the otherside of the twisted portion may be twisted in the opposite direction. Inan aspect, the marker may include a connecting portion that is nottwisted, or the shaped portion may be formed contiguously with therolled portion.

While the foregoing disclosure discusses illustrative aspects and/orembodiments, it should be noted that various changes and modificationscould be made herein without departing from the scope of the describedaspects and/or embodiments as defined by the appended claims.Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects and/orembodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural iscontemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or embodiment may beutilized with all or a portion of any other aspect and/or embodiment,unless stated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing a biopsy marker,comprising: stamping a marker blank from a flat metallic sheet, themarker blank including a first shaped portion, a second shaped portion,and a third shaped portion arranged sequentially along an axis, eachshaped portion having a first surface; twisting the first shaped portionabout the axis such that the first surface of the first shaped portionis arranged at a first selected angle relative to the first surface ofthe second shaped portion; and twisting the third shaped portion aboutthe axis to form a biopsy marker such that the first surface of thesecond shaped portion is arranged at a second selected angle relative tothe first surface of the third shaped portion and such that the firstsurface of the third shaped portion is arranged at a third selectedangle relative to the first surface of the first shaped portion.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: encapsulating the biopsy markerin a bioabsorbable material; and compressing the bioabsorbable materialaround the biopsy marker.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the markerblank includes: a first narrow twisted portion connecting the firstshaped portion to the second shaped portion; and a second narrow twistedportion connecting the second shaped portion to the third shapedportion.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of stamping themarker blank includes stamping one or more through holes through thefirst surface of one or more of the first shaped portion, the secondshaped portion, or the third shaped portion.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the step of stamping the marker blank includes stamping one ormore through holes through the first surface of each of the first shapedportion, the second shaped portion, and the third shaped portion.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the step of stamping the marker blankincludes stamping a single through holes through the first surface ofeach of the first shaped portion, the second shaped portion, and thethird shaped portion.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofstamping the marker blank includes stamping one or more through holesthrough the first surface of one or more of the first shaped portion,the second shaped portion, or the third shaped portion, wherein themethod further comprises stamping into the marker blank a cut-outintersecting with at least one of the one or more through holes.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the step of twisting the first shaped portionabout the axis includes twisting the first shaped portion such that thefirst selected angle is between approximately 30° and 60°.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the step of twisting the first shaped portion aboutthe axis includes twisting the first shaped portion such that the firstselected angle is approximately 45°.
 10. The method of claim 1, whereinthe marker blank includes: a first narrow portion connecting the firstshaped portion to the second shaped portion; and a second narrow portionconnecting the second shaped portion to the third shaped portion;wherein the step of twisting the first shaped portion about the axisincludes twisting the first narrow portion, wherein the step of twistingthe third shaped portion about the axis includes twisting the secondnarrow portion.
 11. A method of forming a biopsy marker, wherein thebiopsy marker includes a marker element, the method comprising: twistinga first shaped portion of the marker element relative to a second shapedportion of the marker element about an axis defined by the markerelement such that a first surface of the first shaped portion isarranged at a first selected angle relative to a first surface of thesecond shaped portion; and twisting a third shaped portion of the markerelement relative to the second shaped portion of the marker elementabout the axis such that the first surface of the second shaped portionis arranged at a second selected angle relative to a first surface ofthe third shaped portion and such that the first surface of the thirdshaped portion is arranged at a third selected angle relative to thefirst surface of the first shaped portion.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the biopsy marker further includes a carrier, wherein the methodfurther comprises encapsulating the marker element within the carrier.13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of encapsulating the markerelement is performed after the steps of twisting the first shapedportion and twisting the third shaped portion.
 14. The method of claim11, wherein the steps of twisting the first shaped portion and twistingthe third shaped portion are performed such that the first surface ofthe first shaped portion is oriented perpendicularly relative to thefirst surface of the third shaped portion.
 15. The method of claim 11,wherein the step of twisting the first shaped portion includes twistingthe first shaped portion in a first direction, wherein the step oftwisting the third shaped portion includes twisting the third shapedportion in a second direction, wherein the first direction is oppositeof the second direction.
 16. The method of claim 11, further comprisingstamping a marker blank from a sheet, wherein the marker element isformed from the marker blank.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein themarker blank includes a first narrow portion and a second narrowportion, wherein the step of twisting the first shaped portion isperformed by twisting the marker blank at the first narrow portion,wherein the step of twisting the third shaped portion is performed bytwisting the marker blank at the second narrow portion.
 18. A method offorming a biopsy marker, wherein the biopsy marker includes a markerelement, the method comprising: cutting a marker blank from a flat sheetto form the marker element, wherein the marker blank includes a firstshaped portion, a second shaped portion, and a third shaped portionarranged along an axis; twisting the first shaped portion relative tothe second shaped portion about the axis such that a first surface ofthe first shaped portion is arranged at a first selected angle relativeto a first surface of the second shaped portion; and twisting the thirdshaped portion relative to the second shaped portion about the axis suchthat the first surface of the second shaped portion is arranged at asecond selected angle relative to a first surface of the third shapedportion and such that the first surface of the third shaped portion isarranged at a third selected angle relative to the first surface of thefirst shaped portion.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the markerelement is formed from the marker blank after the steps of twisting thefirst shaped portion and twisting the third shaped portion.
 20. Themethod of claim 18, further comprising smoothing at least one edge ofthe marker blank to form rounded corners.